What does «resource ref» mean in a webapi.xml?

ref.
Required.
Referenced resource.
Valid values are self, anonymous, or a Magento resource, such as Magento_Customer::group.

Note:The Magento web API framework enables guest users to access resources that are configured with anonymous permission.

Any user that the framework cannot authenticate through existing authentication mechanisms is considered a guest user.

An example

Details

See also: