You are wrong: you have got this error not because you have «upgraded the stripe module via composer», but because you have enabled the «Single-Store Mode».
I have spent 2 hours and found out that Magento 2.1.7 contains a bug and incorrectly handles such situation.
The issue is not related to my extension.
I can solve such problems only on the terms of my generic Magento 2 paid support service.