How does Magento 2 validate XML configuration files with XSD schema?

Magento 2 does XML schema validation in the Developer mode only:

The first validation is per-file:

The second validation is for the merged composite file:

\Magento\Config\Model\Config\Structure\Reader overrides the \Magento\Framework\Config\Reader\Filesystem::_readFiles method, but does the similar validation:

See also: Magento 2 ignores XML schema location in the etc/adminhtml/system.xml documents and always uses the Magento/Config/etc/system_file.xsd schema instead.