app/etc/env.php — the place where Magento 2 stores the database credentials, backend URL, enabled cache types, etc

The app/etc/env.php file is autogenerated.
It stores an information which is unique to your Magento 2 installation.

The database credentials

The section looks like:

'db' => array(
	'table_prefix' => '',
	'connection' => array(
		'default' => array(
			'host' => 'localhost',
			'dbname' => 'store',
			'username' => 'root',
			'password' => 'password',
			'active' => '1',
		),
	),
),

The backend’s base URL suffix

The section looks like:

'backend' => array(
	'frontName' => 'Zudra5uW',
),

The enabled cache types

The section looks like:

'cache_types' => array(
	'config' => 1,
	'layout' => 1,
	'block_html' => 1,
	'view_files_fallback' => 1,
	'view_files_preprocessing' => 1,
	'collections' => 1,
	'db_ddl' => 1,
	'eav' => 1,
	'full_page' => 1,
	'translate' => 1,
	'config_integration' => 1,
	'config_integration_api' => 1,
	'config_webservice' => 1,
	'reflection' => 1,
),

A private key for all the Magento 2 encryptions

See also:

2 posts were split to a new topic: How to change backend URL?